Improving our urine tests. How is a pregnancy test done? Why treatment fails

The technique for collecting urine differs significantly depending on the type of analysis ordered. And the result of the study will largely depend on how correctly you prepare for collecting the analysis and how you collect urine. From this article you will learn how to correctly collect urine for testing, and then laboratory diagnostics will be correct.

Types of urine tests

For any disease, and simply when undergoing preventive examinations and medical examinations, some urine tests are prescribed, at least a general analysis. And in some cases (urinary tract, diseases of the endocrine, cardiovascular system, etc.), the following studies and tests may additionally be carried out:

• Nechiporenko's test;
• Amburger's test;
• Addis-Kakovsky test;
• Zimnitsky's test;
• bacteriological analysis of urine (test for sterility, culture for flora and sensitivity to antibiotics);
• biochemical urine analysis;
• two-glass and three-glass samples.

In specialized hospitals, some other studies are also carried out (Rehberg test, stress tests, prednisolone test, etc.), but we will not dwell on them here, since special preparation for such studies is carried out under the supervision of medical personnel.

Each of the tests required has its own characteristics that must be taken into account when preparing for collection and directly during urine collection. Unfortunately, doctors do not always provide patients with the necessary information on collection techniques. Then the results from the laboratory come back that are not true, the disease may not be noticed on time or misdiagnosed, and doctors have to prescribe repeated or additional tests and studies. Ultimately, diagnosis is delayed, treatment is prescribed late, or, on the contrary, unnecessary drugs are prescribed for a false diagnosis, time and money are wasted.

Collecting urine from young children who do not (or do not always and do not completely control) the process of urination also poses a certain difficulty. But even with them, most tests can be performed correctly the first time, if parents know how to prepare the child, a container for urine, when it is better to collect material for research, and other points.

General urine analysis

Urine should be collected in a special plastic container.

1. Preparing for collection: thorough toileting of the external genitalia: the child needs to be washed (with baby soap or a special detergent). Do not forget that girls are washed from front to back, and when washing boys, the foreskin is pulled back, exposing the head of the penis.
2. Urine container: any clean glass or plastic container (not necessarily sterile!). Wash the jar with warm water and soap and rinse.
3. Collection time: The best option is a morning urine sample. Moreover, it is advisable to examine urine within an hour after collection, since during long-term storage (especially outside the refrigerator), red blood cells and casts are destroyed, the number of bacteria increases, and acidity changes. But sometimes there is no opportunity to collect urine in the morning (parents of babies may not be able to “guess” the right moment in the morning, and the laboratory usually accepts tests for only 2-3 hours in the morning). In this case, urine can be collected in the evening and stored in the refrigerator, in which case the main indicators of the analysis will remain unchanged.
4. Collection technique: Before collecting the analysis, it is recommended to release a little urine to reduce the entry of bacteria, vaginal epithelial cells, and leukocytes from the vagina. That is, urination is divided approximately in half, the child releases the first portion of urine into the toilet (potty), and the second into a previously prepared container.

Nechiporenko test

1. Preparing for collection:
2. Urine container: any clean glass or plastic container.
3. Collection time: morning (first morning urination).
4. Collection technique: strictly an average portion of urine (the child should begin and end urination in a potty or toilet, only the average portion is collected).

Amburger's test

1. Preparing for collection: toileting of the external genitalia before each urination in older children, and in small children - with each change of the urinal bag.
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container with a volume of at least 1 liter.
3. Collection time: as prescribed by a doctor. More often, urine collected in the morning is examined.
4. Collection technique: For analysis, urine excreted by the child for 3-4 hours is collected under normal daily routine, nutrition and drinking conditions. Usually the child is asked to urinate at 7 am, and this portion of urine is poured out. Over the next 3 hours, collect all the urine excreted by the child into one container. For children, if such an analysis is necessary, a urinal is attached, replacing it as it fills. If the child urinated several times during this period, the collected urine is stored in the refrigerator.

Addis–Kakovsky test

1. Preparing for collection: toileting the external genitalia before bed. In adolescents, the Addis-Kakovsky test is performed against the background of fluid intake restriction (the child is given less water than usual) in the morning of the day on which the test is scheduled. In young children, fluid intake is not limited.
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container with a volume of at least 1 liter (for older children - 1.5-2 liters).
3. Collection time: Most often, urine is examined 12 hours in advance (at night) or 24 hours in advance. At 20.00 the child empties the bladder (this portion is poured out), all subsequent portions of urine are collected in one container and stored in the refrigerator. The last urination is at 08.00 (mandatory), this portion of urine is added to the previously collected one.

Zimnitsky test

The Zimnitsky test involves collecting urine in a separate container every 3 hours.

1. Preparing for collection: no special training required. Drinking regime, nutrition, and hygiene measures are carried out as usual.
2. Collection container: clean plastic or glass jars (8 pcs), onto which labels are glued indicating the collection interval (1 jar for every 3 hours: from 06.00 to 09.00, from 09.00 to 12.00, etc., the last container is from 03.00 to 06.00) .
3. Collection time: All urine excreted by the child during the day is collected.
4. Collection technique: The patient is not forced to specifically empty the bladder! Urine excreted during a natural urge within a certain period of time is collected in an appropriate container. If the child has not urinated in a three-hour period, the jar remains empty, and the laboratory technician will put a dash in the column. Children who do not hold urine during night sleep have a urine bag secured at night, checking that it is full after a three-hour period.

In children under 2–3 years of age, the Zimnitsky test is rarely performed, since it is not possible to collect absolutely all of the daily urine before the onset of voluntary controlled urination, and the test result will be unreliable.

Bacteriological urine analysis

1. Preparing for collection: thorough toilet of the external genitalia.
2. Collection container: sterile test tube or other sterile container.
3. Collection time: usually in the morning, that is, the first urination after a night's sleep.
4. Collection technique: collect 5-10 ml strictly from the middle portion (the child begins and ends urinating in the potty or on the toilet). Urine is rarely collected from children using a catheter to test for sterility.

Biochemical urine analysis

1. Preparing for collection: It is advisable to toilet the external genitalia before each urination (there is no need to use soap every time you wash).
2. Collection container: any clean plastic or glass container with a volume of at least 1 liter (for older children - 1.5–2 liters).
3. Collection time: day.
4. Collection technique: urine is collected between 07:00 and 07:00. The first portion of forced urination (at 07.00 the child is asked to pee on the potty) is poured out, the subsequent portions are poured into a clean container, which will be stored in the refrigerator. If the child is small, urination is controlled by periodically putting the baby on the potty (so that he does not urinate by). At 07.00 the next day, the child is again asked to empty the bladder, and this last portion of urine is added to the general container.

Two-glass and three-glass samples

1. Preparing for collection: no preparation is provided. You should not wash your child before collecting urine!
2. Collection container: any clean glass or plastic container (2 pcs. for a two-glass sample and 3 pcs. for a three-glass sample).
3. Collection time: first morning urination.
4. Collection technique: urine is collected sequentially in different containers: the beginning of urination is carried out in the first container, the middle - in the second, urination is completed in the third container, or, with a two-glass sample, in the toilet.

Features of urine collection in babies

When conducting a general analysis, and especially the Nechiporenko test, it is better if you are able to collect urine immediately into a specially prepared container, rather than pouring it from a pot or urinal.

The fact is that when collecting analysis in a urinal or potty, the urine of even a healthy child (especially girls) can reveal “extra” cells (leukocytes, epithelium) and bacteria that got there not from the kidneys and urinary tract, but from the external genitalia .

To collect the analysis directly into a container, you can use the following methods:

1. Try to stimulate urination reflexively: hold the child over the sink, turning on the water (the sound of water stimulates urination in children older than one year); in infants, urination is caused by the Perez reflex (stroking the back along the spine while lying on the stomach).
2. In newborns and children in the first six months of life, it may be more convenient to focus on the approximate time of urination: most children pee immediately after sleep, during feeding or immediately after it. To collect urine, the child must be washed before bedtime (or before feeding), undressed from the waist down and placed on an oilcloth with a diaper placed on top of it. If the room is cool, you can cover your baby with a light blanket. During feeding, the mother lies down next to the baby, holding a previously prepared container in her hands. When urination begins, the container is replaced.

If you cannot collect urine using the methods listed above, you can use a urinal (a special sterile bag with Velcro that is attached around the child’s genitals), and for older children, a potty.

is an accessible and informative diagnostic method. Studying the characteristics of urine gives the doctor a clear idea of ​​the condition of the urinary organs. In addition, the results of this study reflect changes in the body that occur in any other somatic disease.

Table of contents:

Types of urine tests

If various pathologies are suspected, the doctor will prescribe one or another urine test. The most common ones are:

In general, the rules for preparing for taking samples are the same. But for some tests, urine must be collected in a special way.

Urine collection

Most people have encountered this analysis. It is carried out to diagnose diseases of the urinary organs. In addition, upon admission to the hospital with somatic pathology, each patient undergoes general urine and blood tests. This is the necessary diagnostic minimum.

To get reliable results for the study, you need to properly prepare.

• The first thing you need to do is wash yourself, then wipe dry with a clean towel.
• It is advisable to collect morning urine. The first portion of urine is flushed into the toilet, then a container is placed and filled with urine. Finish urinating into the toilet. The required volume of urine for diagnostic testing is 80-100 ml.
• Previously, urine for analysis was collected in jars and bottles. Now it’s enough to go to any pharmacy and buy a container. The container must be signed with your last name.
• Women should not give urine during menstruation as this may skew the results. But if necessary, a woman should use a tampon before collecting urine.
• On the eve of a urine test, you should not eat coloring foods (for example, beets, carrots), or take diuretics. This may provide inaccurate data.
• The analysis must be delivered to the laboratory within the next one and a half to two hours.

Collecting urine for analysis according to Nechiporenko

This study is prescribed if deviations were found in the general analysis. Urinalysis according to Nechiporenko allows you to estimate the number of formed elements and cylinders in it. Before collecting urine, hygiene procedures in the perineal area must be carried out. They collect purely morning urine, and only the middle portion. That is, the first portion must be flushed, then substitute a first-aid container, fill it, and flush the rest of the urine into the toilet. For this study, it is enough to collect 25-30 ml of urine.

If a person needs to undergo a general analysis, as well as a Nechiporenko study, it is recommended to collect urine for research on different days. This will help avoid incorrect research results.

Collection of urine for analysis according to Zimnitsky

This test allows the doctor to evaluate how well the kidneys concentrate and dilute urine.. During the studies, the volume of diuresis and the relative density of urine in each collected sample are determined.

During urine collection, it is necessary to maintain the usual drinking regime and not consume liquid in excessive quantities. Also, diuretics should not be used. Urine is collected within 24 hours. From the moment of waking up until nine in the morning, a person must urinate in the toilet, that is, the first morning urination is not taken into account.

Eight containers must be prepared and labeled indicating the time period when the urine will be collected. Starting at nine in the morning, eight portions of urine are collected:

• The first portion - all urine is collected between 09:00-12:00;
• The second portion is urine between 12:00-15:00;
• The third portion is urine between 15:00-18:00;
• The fourth portion is urine between 18:00-21:00;
• The fifth portion is urine between 21:00-24:00;
• The sixth portion is urine between 24:00-03:00;
• The seventh portion is urine between 03:00-06:00;
• The eighth portion is urine between 06:00-09:00.

If there was no urination during a certain period of time, then the container is left empty. And if there is a lot of urine in a certain period, take an additional container. Containers with collected urine must be kept cold. And the next morning after the last portion, take the dishes to the laboratory.

Amburger and Addis-Kakovsky test

The Amburger test helps the doctor make a differential diagnosis of diseases of the genitourinary system. The method allows you to estimate the proportion of red blood cells, leukocytes, and cylinders.

Before collecting urine, hygiene procedures are carried out. It is necessary to prepare any liter glass or plastic container. For analysis, all urine excreted over three to four hours is collected. During this time, the person can eat and drink as usual.

The Addis-Kakovsky test is also performed for the differential diagnosis of diseases of the genitourinary system. During the analysis, the number of leukocytes, red blood cells in the urine and their ratio are determined. To collect urine for the Addis-Kakovsky test, you should definitely limit your fluid intake on the day of urine collection. The exception is small children; they can consume liquid in the usual amount.

Urine is collected in a two-liter container. According to the doctor's instructions, urine is collected twelve or twenty-four hours in advance. Before going to bed, a person empties his bladder into the toilet. In the morning (after 10-12 hours), you need to urinate into the prepared container and take the container to the laboratory.

24-hour urine test

The daily volume of urine must be collected for further biochemical analysis of urine, the Romberg test. During the collection of urine, you need to follow the usual, habitual drinking regime.

Urine is collected throughout the day. The first morning urine is not collected, but flushed down the toilet. All further urine is collected in a previously prepared container with a volume of up to three liters. The container should be stored in the refrigerator.

After 24 hours of urine has been collected, its volume is measured and recorded. Next, mix the liquid in the jar and pour 100-150 ml of urine into the container. This container is taken to the laboratory.

Two-glass, three-glass samples

Two- and three-glass tests are carried out to determine the localization of the inflammatory process. The portion collected in the first glass provides information about the condition of the urethra, in the second glass - about the kidneys and ureter, the third - about the bladder and prostate.

Urine is collected in one morning urination. They immediately begin to urinate into the first glass (container), collect the middle portion of urine into the second glass, and complete urination into the third glass. With a two-glass test, finish urinating into the toilet. Glasses must be signed in advance.

urine test

To identify bacteria that cause inflammation in the urinary organs and select the correct one, a urine test is performed. Before collecting urine, wash the external genitalia well without antiseptics and dry with a clean towel. It is advisable to collect urine in the morning. You need to collect the average portion exclusively in a sterile container. During urination, do not touch the skin of the perineum with the container. A small volume of urine is enough for the study - 10 ml.

Urine collection in infants

Collecting urine from young children is accompanied by certain difficulties. The child, of course, urinates at odd hours, so the mother needs to have a container on hand. Children often urinate after waking up or feeding, this will be a hint for parents. You can also go with your baby to the bathroom and open the faucet with running water. The sound of running water may cause your baby to urinate.

Urine is a liquid of biological origin, containing the products of metabolic processes, and is emitted by the urethra.

Its examination is considered one of the most basic methods of laboratory diagnosis. The doctor prescribes this test during the period of examination, diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems, and inflammation in the body.

In the laboratory, a sample of such material is evaluated in detail, all its characteristics are studied, and the test is performed. Identification of all indicators will significantly facilitate the determination of the patient’s diagnosis and make it possible to select an adequate therapeutic course. TO How to correctly collect urine in the laboratory for general analysis for adults and children, we will look at it in our article.

How does urine formation occur?

Urine is considered to be the result of filtering blood passing through special renal layers. The process is divided into stages:

Why is a urine test prescribed?

Testing urine in a laboratory will help a specialist assess the patient’s condition. It is performed both in a preventive and diagnostic framework to identify diseases of the genitourinary organs. The most common ones include:

• and renal;
• prostatitis;
• new malignant formations.

Basic rules for collecting biological fluid

Before taking the test, you should drink a moderate amount of liquid in the coming days. Violations in the drinking regime can lead to deviations in the specific gravity of urine, which entails.

Biochemistry helps to establish glucose levels, bilirubin and protein values, and other elements.

How much urine is needed for general analysis?

For a patient over the age of eighteen, it will be enough to submit about eighty milliliters of urine for analysis. If urination is difficult, and this happens with certain kidney diseases, then you need to collect at least fifty milliliters of biological material.

For babies whose age has not exceeded one year, the amount of urine to be tested should be forty to fifty milliliters, maybe a little less, but the study in this case will be difficult.

Urine collection from infants is considered a problematic issue. In the first days of life, babies hardly urinate, and when this happens, it is necessary to collect at least ten milliliters of material. The examination will be difficult, but there should be enough material. Otherwise, a retake is assigned.

A general urine analysis is the simplest examination method that allows one to judge the formation of various types of pathologies and diseases caused by organic pathogens. In some cases, this analysis will help diagnose the disease even if the patient does not express any complaints about the condition of his body.

In order for urine laboratory test results to be as accurate as possible, it is important to know how to properly take a urine test. Sometimes failure to follow simple rules leads to the doctor seeing distorted data that does not correspond to the real situation, so the urine is taken for re-examination. What is the correct collection of urine for analysis, the main points of preparation, and why is the data sometimes distorted in the results of the study?

A correctly performed urine collection procedure guarantees the most objective analysis results.

General urine analysis

Donating urine to study general indicators is necessary in order to identify deviations from the norm in chemical and physical data, as well as the degree of sediment formation. For a doctor, such characteristics as the color of urine and how transparent it is are important. The presence of protein, hemoglobin, urobilinogen, nitrites and other components is also taken into account. Collecting urine for a general analysis is necessary in order to identify inflammatory processes in the kidneys, bladder, ureter, and how advanced the disease is.

Clinical analysis of urine

A clinical urine test or general analysis involves preparatory procedures aimed at obtaining the most accurate data, while it is important to take into account how much urine is released per day, its color and degree of transparency. The daily volume collected for general examination should not be less than 1.5 liters. If it was not possible to obtain the required amount in adults per day or it significantly exceeds the norm, it means that a dangerous disease may be occurring in the body.

The color of urine can be varied and depends on what products predominate on the patient’s menu. Abnormal is a brown tint, similar to slop with red, green streaks and mucus inclusions. This indicates that the transparency of urine is impaired, and this is a reason for a more detailed study and identification of the root cause.

How to take a general urine test and when to take it

The rules for collecting urine for analysis primarily provide for the first collection of urine in the morning. It is especially important to collect morning urine, since all toxic impurities are concentrated in it overnight, which will indicate the state of the body’s functioning and possible internal pathologies. Morning urine is collected in a disinfected container; before this, women and men need to carry out hygienic procedures in order to collect urine samples without unnecessary inclusions and get tested correctly.

The preparation rules stipulate that 1-2 days before the day when urine collection is scheduled, a person needs to adhere to a dietary diet. Spicy foods, alcohol, and medications should be excluded from the menu. It is recommended to avoid foods that can affect the color of urine, such as beets and chemically colored foods. Also during this period, you need to reduce physical activity and abandon procedures that lead to dehydration of the body. It is necessary to submit urine for analysis an hour to an hour and a half after collection, provided that during this time it was stored in a cold place. The doctor will not consider yesterday’s urine as material suitable for research, so you need to clearly plan the day of your visit to the laboratory in order to find out the exact diagnosis. The results will be ready within 24 hours.

When to collect a urine test?

You need to collect a urine test in the morning, on an empty stomach, immediately after the person wakes up. Morning urine contains all the inclusions that the body secretes overnight, and this is an important indicator for determining the presence of pathology. In another case, urine collected on an empty stomach 2.5 hours after the first trip to the toilet will be used for analysis. It is important to collect an average portion of urine, and pour out the first drops of morning urine. Not all doctors agree with this scheme and believe that it is correct to collect urine in full, since this is the order that will determine the presence of all inclusions in it.

Collection rules during pregnancy

Regular visits to the laboratory and urine collection during pregnancy are necessary in order to diagnose pathology in a timely manner and prevent the development of complications that are dangerous for the woman and the fetus. When pregnancy occurs, enormous changes occur in the body, and donating urine and other samples will help monitor this process and maintain normal indicators.

During pregnancy, a general blood and urine test should not have any foreign inclusions (protein, leukocytes, hemoglobin) or exceed the norm. Otherwise, when abnormalities are detected, women need to go to the hospital to monitor their condition.

How to get tested for women?

Preparing for donation for women involves following the rules of hygiene, dietary nutrition and avoiding alcohol at the time of collection. Before the analysis, you need to eat gentle food that will not affect digestion, cook food well without copious amounts of oil and spices, this is the only way a woman will be as prepared as possible. Urine collection for analysis cannot be carried out on menstruation days, since during this period the indicators will differ significantly from the norm.

How to get tested for men?

To submit urine for analysis, a man is advised to prepare for the procedure in the same way as a woman. Preparation for analysis requires eliminating foods that can affect the color of the sample, eating food that will help improve digestion, controlling drinking, and preferably drinking plain water without dyes or sweeteners. Remove alcohol, beer, cigarettes and other bad habits that can distort the indicators during the testing process.

A general urine test (UCA) allows you to determine not only diseases of the genitourinary system, but also to identify most other disorders and pathologies of the body, regardless of origin.

But many people often have questions regarding a general urine test - how to collect it, what preparatory measures need to be taken, how much urine is required, and what do such studies generally show?

What does the analysis show?

When examining the material, experts pay attention for the following characteristics urinary fluid:

• physico-chemical;
• organoleptic;
• microscopic;
• biochemical.

In each case, conclusions can be drawn regarding the presence or absence of diseases of different origins.

physical and chemical indicators

Such information includes relative density (specific gravity) and the reaction of the medium. Relative density shows the ability of the kidneys to concentrate or dissolve various substances, and a device called a urometer is used for this.

Normally, this indicator is the amount 1006 – 1026 g/l, if the values ​​are elevated, this may indicate the following disorders and diseases:

1. pathological processes in the liver;
2. nephrotic syndrome;
3. decreased urine production in the body;
4. toxicosis with;
5. diabetes;
6. heart failure.

If figures are underestimated– additional examinations are carried out for the presence of renal failure, diabetes insipidus and damage to the kidney tubules.

The normal reaction of the environment should vary within the range 5-7 units.

An increase in the norm is typical when there is a lack of protein in the diet; with reduced levels, the patient, on the contrary, should add more plant foods to his menu.

Organoleptic data

In this case, the type and quality of urinary fluid is assessed. A healthy person should have urine light yellow color, and with other shades one can draw conclusions about the corresponding diseases:

1. With serious metabolic disorders, urine may be dark, almost black.
2. A bright pink color indicates internal bleeding.
3. When the bile duct is obstructed, the urine becomes greenish in color.
4. Red urine is a sign of glomerulonephritis.
5. Diseases of the liver and kidneys lead to a change in the color of urine to dark brown.
6. In case of kidney pathologies, the urine will be white and cloudy.

Odors can also indicate some problems: if the urine is sharp smells like ammonia– there are suspicions of inflammatory processes in the bladder.

A heavy smell of rot when urinating indicates infectious lesions of the genitourinary organs. If present sweetish pungent odor– The patient should be screened for diabetes.

Regardless of the color, the urine may be cloudy. Cloudiness always speaks of inflammatory processes and urolithiasis.

Microscopic studies

In this case, the urinary fluid is examined under a microscope, which makes it possible to identify casts, leukocytes, epithelial cells and red blood cells in the material. Depending on their quantitative content, various diseases of the kidneys, liver and genitourinary system can be diagnosed.

Biochemical indications

This method allows you to determine the amount of glucose, urobilinogen, bilirubin and other substances and trace elements. They are not usually found in urine, but presence of such elements(see form below) helps identify the following violations:

• protein – inflammation in the urinary system and damage to the renal membranes (typical of chronic renal failure, myocardial infarction, diabetic nephropathy);
• glucose – pancreatitis, heart attacks, diabetes;
• urobilinogen – serious pathological processes extending to the liver;
• hemoglobin - muscle damage due to increased physical activity and intoxication;
• ketone bodies – advanced diabetes mellitus;
• nitrites – infectious lesions of the genitourinary system.

You can take the general test both in city clinics and in private laboratories. The analysis is done either when indicated, or on the initiative of the patient himself.

What are the indications for taking the test?

A general urine test is prescribed upon suspicion for the following diseases:

1. diabetes;
2. , pyelonephritis and other diseases of the genitourinary system;
3. infectious lesions;
4. metabolic disorders.

OAM is also taken during routine preventive examinations.

Preparing for tests

Violation of the drinking regime can lead to a violation of the specific gravity of urine, and this will lead to incorrect interpretation of the results.

The acidity of urine can be affected by drinking large quantities of mineral water the day before.

This also applies to nutrition: excessive consumption of only plant or exclusively meat foods also affects acidity, so a couple of days before collecting the material it is better to adhere to mixed diet.

You should also exclude consumption on these days. sweets and alcohol.

Two days in advance preferably stop taking any medications, but when undergoing a course of treatment for serious diseases, this should only be done with the knowledge of the attending physician.

If it is impossible to stop taking medications, you must inform about this when submitting the material so that specialists take into account the possible increase in the concentration of certain substances in the urine due to taking medications.

How to properly collect and donate urine?

Collecting urine for analysis is a simple procedure, but it is very important to do it correctly by adhering to the following algorithm:

1. It is better to purchase a container for donating urine at a pharmacy or get it from a clinic.
2. Before collecting urine, it is necessary to wash the genitals, or better yet, take a shower to prevent various microorganisms from entering the material. It is permissible to use a 0.02-0.1% solution of potassium permanganate.
3. Urine should be collected only in the morning and within the first two hours the material should be taken for examination.
4. Urine collection is not done immediately: a small amount of urine should not fall into the container during the first three to four seconds of urination.

For adults and older people, this procedure is not difficult, but if it is necessary to collect material, problems may arise for infants: you will have to wait until the child starts urinating, but it will not be possible to collect urine in a container, so you will have to use a special urinal.

It is put on the baby instead of a diaper, and after urination, the liquid is drained from it into a container.

When giving urine pregnant women It is also necessary to take into account some features. First of all, the day before collecting the material, you need to completely eliminate any physical activity, as this will lead to increased accumulation of protein in the urine.

Urine collection should be carried out under the most sterile conditions: the collection container must be thoroughly rinsed, and immediately before collection, take a shower. Simply washing the genitals is not enough, since various microorganisms can penetrate from the vagina.

This can be prevented by using a tampon when urinating: this hygiene product will temporarily limit the access of microorganisms to the urethra.

How much urine is needed for general analysis?

For the average adult patient over 18 years of age, it is enough to take approximately 80 milliliters of material, but if there is difficulty urinating, which is characteristic of some kidney diseases, you should try to collect at least 50 milliliters.

For children aged from one month to one year, it is enough to collect at least 40-50 milliliters urine, the minimum allowable amount of material is 20 milliliters, but the examination will be difficult.

The greatest problems are caused by collecting urine for analysis in newborns: in the first days of life, children practically do not urinate, and if the process of urination does occur, then in these cases it is rarely possible to obtain urine in an amount of more than 10 ml.

In such cases, the examination will also be difficult, but possible (in extreme cases, you will have to collect the material several times).

A general urine test is the simplest test that allows judge the development of various pathogenic processes and diseases caused by organic pathogens. In some cases, such an analysis makes it possible to diagnose diseases even if the patient has no complaints and is asymptomatic.

Features and rules for collecting urine for OAM in adults and children - watch the video: